前海绵间窦的MRI影像特征观察

目的　观察前海绵间窦（AICS）的MRI影像学特征。 方法　连续收集72例垂体增强MRI，包括32例正常体检者和40例垂体腺瘤者。通过多层面MRI观察AICS的影像特征，并给予分型。在正中矢状位平面上，以蝶骨平台延长线为A线，经AICS做一与A线平行的B线，在鞍底做一与A线平行的切线C线，测量A与B间距a，B与C间距b，分析AICS在蝶骨平台与鞍底之间的相对位置关系。 结果　72例中，完整型AICS组、不完整型AICS组、无AICS组分别占65.28%（47例）、26.39%（19例）、8.33%（6例）。完整型AICS在T1WI TSE增强影像显示为垂体上前方、鞍结节顶点下方的连续高信号影。测得完整型AICS的a/（a+b）值正常体检组为（0.31±0.10），垂体腺瘤组为（0.20±0.16），二者间存在统计学差异（P<0.05）。 结论　在T1WI TSE MRI上，正常体检者AICS具有较好的显示，而垂体腺瘤者AICS显示明显减少且更趋于不连续。     

颅内深静脉血栓形成的临床诊治

目的　探讨颅内深静脉血栓形成（deep cerebral venous thrombosis，DCVT）的临床诊断与治疗策略。 方法　回顾性分析10年来影像学诊断为DCVT的5例患者的临床表现、影像学特征、治疗及预后情况。 结果　DCVT最常累及Rosenthal基底静脉、大脑内静脉、Galen静脉和直窦，其临床表现不典型，常见有头痛、意识障碍、复视、偏瘫等，常见诱发因素有口服避孕药、产褥期、妊娠期等。丘脑水肿为DCVT患者最常见的影像学征象。肝素抗凝治疗简单有效，大脑深静脉可恢复再通，临床症状缓解。 结论　DCVT患者临床症状缺乏特异性，早期诊断困难，特殊成像技术和特定影像学特征有助于其明确诊断，及时正确的抗凝治疗可获得良好的预后。     

How to manage treatment failure in prosthetic joint infection

BackgroundManagement for prosthetic joint infections remains a challenging area for both infectious diseases and orthopaedic surgery, particularly in the setting of treatment failure. This is compounded by a lack of level 1 evidence to guide approaches. The optimal management of prosthetic joint infections requires a multi-disciplinary approach combined with shared decision making with the patient.AimsThis article describes the approach to prosthetic joint infections in the setting of treatment failure.SourcesNarrative review based on literature review from PubMed. There was no time limit on the studies included. In addition, the reference list for included studies were reviewed for literature saturation with manual searching of clinical guidelines. Management approaches described incorporate evidence- and eminence-based recommendations from expert guidelines and clinical studies, where applicable.ContentThe surgical and antimicrobial approaches for prosthetic joint infections are described for first-line treatment of prosthetic joint infections and approaches in the event of treatment failure. Management approaches are based on an understanding of the role the biofilm plays in the pathogenesis of prosthetic joint infections. The management of these infections aims to fulfil two key goals: to eradicate the biofilm-associated microorganisms and, to maintain a functional joint and quality of life. In treatment failure, these goals are not always feasible, and the role of the multi-disciplinary team and shared-decision making are prominent.ImplicationsProsthetic joint surgery is a high-volume surgery, and the demand for this surgery is continually increasing. With this, the number of infections requiring expert care will also increase. Eminence-based management approaches have been established to guide treatment failure until knowledge gaps in optimal management are addressed by well-designed, clinical trials.     

Rapid remodeling of the maxillary sinus in silent sinus syndrome

Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is a rare disorder involving bony remodeling of the maxillary sinuses, including collapse of the orbital floor. It is typically unilateral and seen in the setting of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Patients present with enophthalmos and hypoglobus occasionally accompanied by diplopia. The condition is generally diagnosed with CT imaging and treated surgically. While SSS is most often reported as very slowly progressive, we report a patient with evidence of significant remodeling of the maxillary sinus over a period of 5.5 months.     

Understanding the Influence of Nanocarrier-Mediated Brain Delivery on Therapeutic Performance Through Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling

This study aimed at evaluating how encapsulation in a regular nanocarrier (NC) (providing extended circulation time) or in a brain-targeting NC (providing prolonged circulation time and increased brain uptake) may influence the therapeutic index compared with the unformulated drug and to explore the key parameters affecting therapeutic performance using a model-based approach. Pharmacokinetic (PK) models were built with chosen PK parameters. For a scenario where central effect depends on area under the unbound brain concentration curve and peripheral toxicity relates to peak unbound plasma concentration, dose-effect and drug-side effect curves were constructed, and the therapeutic index was evaluated. Regular NC improved the therapeutic index compared with the unformulated drug due to reduced peripheral toxicity, while brain-targeting NC enhanced the therapeutic index by lowering peripheral toxicity and increasing central effect. Decreasing drug release rate or systemic clearance of NC with drug still encapsulated could increase the therapeutic index. Also, a drug with shorter half-life would therapeutically benefit more from a NC encapsulation. This work provides insights into how a NC for brain delivery should be optimized to maximize the therapeutic performance and is helpful to predict if and to what extent a drug with certain PK properties would obtain therapeutic benefit from nanoencapsulation.     

临床药师对垂体瘤卒中合并哮喘患者的术后药学监护

摘 要本文介绍1例有哮喘病史的患者行经蝶垂体瘤切除术后哮喘加重的案例。临床药师根据垂体瘤卒中急症特征及氢化可的松药动学特点，为患者制定了个体化的糖皮质激素替代治疗方案。在患者出现明显哮喘症状时及时调整糖皮质激素和支气管扩张剂。使用低剂量的右美托咪定适当镇静改善患者烦躁，避免患者自主呼吸与呼吸机对抗导致哮喘治疗不佳。治疗过程中，临床药师协助医师根据患者情况及时调整治疗方案，充分体现了临床药师在外科围手术期患者药物治疗管理中的价值。